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Population of the ZMM doubled in the last 30 years, reaching over 1 million inhabitants. Stacking of JRC's Global Human Settlement Layer, DLR's World Settlement Footprint and INEGI's National Geostatistical Framework datasets revealed a predominant edge-expansion growth model, with urban densification in 1975–2020 and some sprawling in 1990–2000. This paper implements an integrated urban and satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach to investigate subsidence, multi-decadal urban growth and peopling trends in the Metropolitan Area of Morelia (ZMM) in the Mexican state of Michoacán. Limited attention is typically paid to the cause-effect relationship between land subsidence due to aquifers overexploitation in expanding metropolises and urban growth models and patterns. Keywords: Soil improvement, Clay, Sand, Consolidation, Shear strength, Permeability and Swelling percentage. The experimental studies showed that amount of sand added influences the consolidation permeability, swelling and stress-strain behaviors of the clay-sand mixture.
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It was observed that the values of maximum shear stress and coefficient of permeability of new composition increase with increasing the amount of sand, which resulted in the reduction of swelling value and time of consolidation. The oedometer, direct shear, permeability and swelling tests were utilized to investigate the characteristics of clay-sand. In this study, removal and replacement method was used for soil improvement, in which rounded sand was added to an inorganic medium plasticity clay with different percentages (%0, %10, %20, %30, %40 and %50 by weight). There are several methods to improve mechanical properties of clays, (e.g bearing capacity, shear strength, compressibility, density, erosion, and swelling) such as removal and replacement, precompression, vertical drains, in-situ densification and grouting. The waste MP content and fine-grained soil type need to be taken into consideration in soil stabilization based on volume change. The laboratory test results showed that the waste marble powders were effective in soil stabilization by reducing the plasticity index from 49 to 26 for the CH samples and from 21 to 9 for the MH sample, expansion index from 45 to 20 for the CH sample and from 32 to 7 for the MH sample, swelling index from 0.0030 to 0.0012 for the MH sample, compression index from 0.013 to 0.010 for the MH sample, and linear shrinkage from 16.2 to 10.5 for the CH sample. The marble powder ratio which gave the best results was determined as 50% for both MH samples and CH samples. Consistency limits, linear shrinkage, expansion index, and one-dimensional consolidation tests were performed on non-stabilized and stabilized samples with 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50% of waste CMP and DMP to determine the efficiency of using waste marble powders in soil stabilization.
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This paper investigated the effect of calcitic marble powder (CMP) and dolomitic marble powder (DMP) on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils. The recycling of waste marble powder (MP) for soil stabilization is still under research for geotechnical engineers, with the aim of improving poor soil properties.